Founders often view >1x liquidation preferences as aggressive, but from a VC’s perspective, they’re simply a tool — and one that’s used sparingly. Most deals clear at a clean 1x. But in the moments when structure does  appear, it’s there for a reason: to balance expected risk when valuation and conviction aren’t perfectly aligned. And here’s the part founders rarely internalize: A 1x return is not a win for a VC. It’s not even neutral. It’s a loss. Returning capital with no u

I’ve spent a lot of time breaking down how VCs can approach fair value using OPM, PWERM, and CVM. Each methodology has its own logic, assumptions, and ideal use cases. But despite their differences, they all share a single foundational dependency that determines whether the output is meaningful or misleading: If your cap table isn’t accurate, your valuation isn’t accurate. This is the part of valuation work that often gets underestimated. It’s easy to focus on the modeling te